{
  boot.kernel.sysctl = {
    "fs.suid_dumpable" = 0;
    # prevent pointer leaks
    "kernel.kptr_restrict" = 2;
    # restrict kernel log to CAP_SYSLOG capability
    "kernel.dmesg_restrict" = 1;
    # Note: certian container runtimes or browser sandboxes might rely on the following
    # restrict eBPF to the CAP_BPF capability
    "kernel.unprivileged_bpf_disabled" = 1;
    # should be enabled along with bpf above
    # "net.core.bpf_jit_harden" = 2;
    # restrict loading TTY line disciplines to the CAP_SYS_MODULE
    "dev.tty.ldisk_autoload" = 0;
    # prevent exploit of use-after-free flaws
    "vm.unprivileged_userfaultfd" = 0;
    # kexec is used to boot another kernel during runtime and can be abused
    "kernel.kexec_load_disabled" = 1;
    # Kernel self-protection
    # SysRq exposes a lot of potentially dangerous debugging functionality to unprivileged users
    # 4 makes it so a user can only use the secure attention key. A value of 0 would disable completely
    "kernel.sysrq" = 0;
    # disable unprivileged user namespaces, Note: Docker, NH, and other apps may need this
    # "kernel.unprivileged_userns_clone" = 0; # Set to 1 because it makes NH and other programs fail
    # This should be set to 0 if you don't rely on flatpak, NH, Docker, etc.
    "kernel.unprivileged_userns_clone" = 1;
    # restrict all usage of performance events to the CAP_PERFMON capability
    "kernel.perf_event_paranoid" = 3;

    # Network
    # protect against SYN flood attacks (denial of service attack)
    "net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies" = 1;
    # protection against TIME-WAIT assassination
    "net.ipv4.tcp_rfc1337" = 1;
    # enable source validation of packets received (prevents IP spoofing)
    "net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter" = 1;
    "net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter" = 1;

    "net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_redirects" = 0;
    "net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_redirects" = 0;
    "net.ipv4.conf.all.secure_redirects" = 0;
    "net.ipv4.conf.default.secure_redirects" = 0;
    # Protect against IP spoofing
    "net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_redirects" = 0;
    "net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_redirects" = 0;
    "net.ipv4.conf.all.send_redirects" = 0;
    "net.ipv4.conf.default.send_redirects" = 0;

    # prevent man-in-the-middle attacks
    "net.ipv4.icmp_echo_ignore_all" = 1;

    # ignore ICMP request, helps avoid Smurf attacks
    "net.ipv4.conf.all.forwarding" = 0;
    "net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route" = 0;
    "net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_source_route" = 0;
    "net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_source_route" = 0;
    "net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_source_route" = 0;
    # Reverse path filtering causes the kernel to do source validation of
    "net.ipv6.conf.all.forwarding" = 0;
    "net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_ra" = 0;
    "net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_ra" = 0;

    ## TCP hardening
    # Prevent bogus ICMP errors from filling up logs.
    "net.ipv4.icmp_ignore_bogus_error_responses" = 1;

    # Userspace
    # restrict usage of ptrace
    # "kernel.yama.ptrace_scope" = 2; # breaks anti-cheat

    # ASLR memory protection (64-bit systems)
    "vm.mmap_rnd_bits" = 32;
    "vm.mmap_rnd_compat_bits" = 16;

    # only permit symlinks to be followed when outside of a world-writable sticky directory
    "fs.protected_symlinks" = 1;
    "fs.protected_hardlinks" = 1;
    # Prevent creating files in potentially attacker-controlled environments
    "fs.protected_fifos" = 2;
    "fs.protected_regular" = 2;

    # Randomize memory
    "kernel.randomize_va_space" = 2;
    # Exec Shield (Stack protection)
    "kernel.exec-shield" = 1;

    ## TCP optimization
    # TCP Fast Open is a TCP extension that reduces network latency by packing
    # data in the sender’s initial TCP SYN. Setting 3 = enable TCP Fast Open for
    # both incoming and outgoing connections:
    "net.ipv4.tcp_fastopen" = 3;
    # Bufferbloat mitigations + slight improvement in throughput & latency
    "net.ipv4.tcp_congestion_control" = "bbr";
    "net.core.default_qdisc" = "cake";
  };
  boot.kernelParams = [
    # "systemd.unified_cgroup_hierarchy=1"
    # "cgroup_no_v1=all"
    "amd_iommu=force_isolation"
    "debugfs=off"
    "efi=disable_early_pci_dma"
    "gather_data_sampling=force"
    "intel_iommu=on"
    "iommu.passthrough=0"
    "iommu.strict=1"
    "iommu=force"
    # "lockdown=integrity" # confidentiality
    "kvm_amd.sev=1"
    "kvm_amd.sev_es=1"
    "kvm_amd.sev_snp=1"
    # "mitigations=auto,nosmt"
    "module.sig_enforce=1"
    "page_alloc.shuffle=1"
    "randomize_kstack_offset=on"
    "vsyscall=none"
  ];

  boot.blacklistedKernelModules =
    [
      # Obscure networking protocols
      "dccp" # Datagram Congestion Control Protocol
      "sctp" # Stream Control Transmission Protocol
      "rds" # Reliable Datagram Sockets
      "tipc" # Transparent Inter-Process Communication
      "n-hdlc" # High-level Data Link Control
      "ax25" # Amateur X.25
      "netrom" # NetRom
      "x25" # X.25
      "rose"
      "decnet"
      "econet"
      "af_802154" # IEEE 802.15.4
      "ipx" # Internetwork Packet Exchange
      "appletalk"
      "psnap" # SubnetworkAccess Protocol
      "p8023" # Novell raw IEE 802.3
      "p8022" # IEE 802.3
      "can" # Controller Area Network
      "atm"
      # Various rare filesystems
      "cramfs"
      "freevxfs"
      "jffs2"
      "hfs"
      "hfsplus"
      "udf"

      # "squashfs"  # compressed read-only file system used for Live CDs
      # "cifs"  # cmb (Common Internet File System)
      # "nfs"  # Network File System
      # "nfsv3"
      # "nfsv4"
      # "ksmbd"  # SMB3 Kernel Server
      # "gfs2"  # Global File System 2
      # vivid driver is only useful for testing purposes and has been the
      # cause of privilege escalation vulnerabilities
      # "vivid"
    ]
    ++ [
      # Various framebuffer drivers
      # "aty128fb"
      # "atyfb"
      # "radeonfb"
      # "cirrusfb"
      "cyber2000fb"
      "cyblafb"
      "gx1fb"
      "hgafb"
      # "i810fb"
      # "intelfb"
      # "kyrofb"
      "lxfb"
      "matroxfb_base"
      "neofb"
      # "nvidiafb"
      "pm2fb"
      # "rivafb"
      "s1d13xxxfb"
      # "savagefb"
      "sisfb"
      # "sstfb"
      # "tdfxfb"
      # "tridentfb"
      "vesafb"
      "vfb"
      # "viafb"
      "vt8623fb"
      "udlfb"
    ];
}